ayamaru-nihongo-gokan-no-jiten.jpg

Translation

• Context: an ad for Nihongo Gokan no Jiten 日本語語感の辞典, "Japanese nuance dictionary," depicting various apologetic gestures, the last (leftmost) one being the dogeza. The text aren't terms for the gestures, but words related to apology.
• ayamaru
  【謝る】あやまる
  To apologize. (title of the ad.)
• shitsurei
  失礼
  Excuse me. Pardon. Said when doing something that "lacks respect," literally, hence why you excuse yourself.
• gomen
  御免
  Forgive me. Sorry.
• sumanai
  済まない
  Sorry. Literally in the sense of something done that "won't disappear," so it's a regrettable mistake or gratitude that won't be forgotten, but in practice it's used for all sorts of minor stuff.
• moushi wake nai
  申し訳ない
  [I] have no excuse. (nai, arimasen, gozaimasen, mean the same thing.)
• chinsha
  陳謝
  To explain yourself and apologize. Used when not only you're at fault, but you also have some explaining to do, e.g. to explain to a client why things have gone wrong, and apologize to them for things going wrong.
• shazai
  謝罪
  Apology, in the sense of assuming fault, "crime," "sin," tsumi 罪.